In James 5:15 we read that the elders of the church/Christian community can pray over a person and anoint them with oil in the name of the Lord, and that “the prayer offered in faith will make the sick person well; the Lord will raise him up.” Although this promise is very clear there are many that have suffered and died, despite having been anointed with oil. So what is going on? Is the lack of results due to lack of faith, or maybe failure because the correct procedures were not followed?

In light of these questions the purpose of this paper is to find out exactly what James is saying. In order to do so we begin with a brief overview of the letter, and then ‘paint’ a backdrop before going on to look at the verses in question.

Background to the letter

Date: Uncertain – possibly AD 45-50; some say one of earliest writings: seems to fin because word assembly used in James 2:2 (synagogue) instead of church. Is no mention of Jewish-Gentile controversy nor of Jerusalem council in AD50.

Why written? (a) To correct a corrupted faith that was rapidly seeping into the church. Many were professing faith in Christ but living immoral and unrighteous lives. Faith was profession only – no constraint upon behavior.

(b)To present the true faith of Christ, a faith of the heart and therefore one that produces the nature and character of Christ in and through the believer.

James did not write about doctrinal problems, but to encourage people to act on what they believed.

The difficulties these Christians encountered are discussed in three places:

1:2-4     = trials;

1:12-15 = temptations

5:7-11  = sufferings.

James speaks about sin and the fallen human nature. Note 1:5-8= people who tended to be double-minded. Such a person, as verse eight suggests, also doubts. Doubt is not equivalent to double-mindedness, but is simply a manifestation of this deeper problem. We often lack inner wholeness, and integrity of heart and mind. We are subject to all sorts of influences. We can be unsure of God’s faithfulness and unsure of what to ask for. Sometimes this may be because we don’t really know Him.

The duplicity of the mind surfaces again in James 3:9-12 “With the tongue we praise our Lord and Father, and with it we curse men, who have been made in God’s likeness. Out of the same mouth come praise and cursing. My brothers, this should not be. Can both fresh water and salt water flow from the same spring? My brothers, can a fig-tree bear olives, or a grapevine bear figs? Neither can a salt spring produce fresh water. Note meaning of curse.  We are called to purify our hearts” (4:8).

James also speaks of evil (the wrong balance in life / error) impulses (1:13-15). Note also James 4:1-3. “What causes fights and quarrels among you? Don’t they come from your desires that battle within you? You want something but don’t get it. You kill and covet, but you cannot have what you want. You quarrel and fight. You do not have, because you do not ask God. When you ask, you do not receive, because you ask with wrong motives, that you may spend what you get on your pleasures.

Backdrop

Right at the outset of James’ letter we find that James is writing to ‘the twelve tribes scattered among the nations’ (James 1:1), and as we proceed through the letter we see that it has a distinctive Jewish flavour, containing frequent allusions to the Old Testament. From these two points we recognise that the recipients of this letter were more than likely Jewish Christians ‘scattered among the nations.’ In seeing this we can then become more aware of some of the problems that had made inroads into a Jewish-Christian community. Put yourself in their shoes and really spend time thinking about how you may have felt: -

Due to the stoning of Stephen and the subsequent persecution that had initially been fanned into flame by zealous Jews like Saul of Tarsus, you had been one of those making a quick exit from Jerusalem (Acts 8:1-2). Some would undoubtedly have returned to their homes in surrounding areas, but for others it may have been different, they ending up, almost like a refuge, in an area that may well not have been their first choice for a home.

  1. Imagine you were among these people. Perhaps you were a little confused. You could have been one of those people who had seen the powerful ministry of Jesus, then wondered at why he was crucified. Perhaps you had heard about, or seen, parts of what is recorded in Matthew 27:51-52: – “At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth shook and the rocks split. The tombs broke open and the bodies of many holy people who had died were raised to life. They came out of the tombs, and after Jesus’ resurrection they went into the holy city and appeared to many people.” Perhaps you’d heard about the risen Christ, seen the power of God working through simple men, come under the power of the gospel and turned your life over the Christ. But what was going on now? If Jesus is so powerful then why had you ended up where you were? Lack of contact with others, and vulnerability over the present situation had meant that you had not really sought answers to questions. Over the years the result for many could have been ending up with a half-hearted attitude towards the faith. Confusion can often lead to passivity, apathy and inactivity. Many a Christian slips back through not understanding events in their lives, and holding God responsible. Others don’t deliberately turn their back on Jesus, but over the years begin to drift and forget who he is, often ending up in giving up.
  2. Another issue had also been paying on your mind and was hindering possible progress. How were you meant to relate to those around you? Acts written circa AD56-63 (because no mention of Neroic Persecution = finished Paul’s earliest ministry in Rome). For example, as a displaced person living as a believer in a predominantly Gentile world you could be a little uncertain about how you should treat the Gentile people. You’d been brought up in Judaism and may have been one of those who’d learnt to look down on Gentiles and avoid them at all costs. Then again, did gentiles have to become Jews before they could become Christians? Or could they become Christians straight away – yet needed to be circumcised? The council of Jerusalem (between delegates from Antioch in Syria and Jerusalem circa AD 49) reveals that these issues were a fragrance in the air, so to speak. On top of this we have the Judaisers who only added to the confusion for many. Judaisers were groups of people who sought to force believers from non-Jewish backgrounds to adopt Jewish customs as a condition of salvation.
  3. Apart from the issues concerning how you’d relate, if at all, to Gentiles, there was another potential problem. Having come from a Jewish background you had a powerful Jewish heritage; but how were you now going to relate to the Jewish way of living? Do you simply take no notice of it at all – or do you still need to adhere to every single law that was laid down? You’re not certain about what you should be doing.

And so the years begin to roll by and you meet with other believers in the same situation as yourself. Yet coming together for some, is more out of a sense of security than anything else. You’re not living the life God has called you to in Christ. There are divisions over wealth, and favouritism, in that a preference was being shown to the rich. There were people saying they had faith, yet there was no evident works as a fruit of that faith – the character of Christ was not present in the members of your corporate gatherings. There was no fruit, yet there was a lot of unnecessary talk. Wisdom was being displayed, yet did not come from God. There was boasting about what was going to happen, a hoarding away of wealth, and lack of submission to God. In short, the Holy Spirit was not present. Nothing better proves the absence of the Sprit than what was being seen amongst these people.

In light of all this it is hardly surprising to find James dealing with the issue of faith. He speaks of the test of faith and the character of faith. Faith obeys God’s words, removes discriminations, controls the tongue, produces wisdom and humility and shows complete dependence on God. It is the one attitude of heart that is the total opposite of depending on self. Those to whom James writes were weak, confused and depending on themselves in many areas, and we need to take this into consideration as we look at James 5:13-18.

James 5:13-18

In chapter five verse thirteen we find that James speaks of those in trouble. The word for trouble is ‘Kakopathei’ meaning ‘to suffer or endure hardship, to be afflicted’; therefore James is speaking about the specific trials that belong to his persecuted readers (bearing in mind that much of this persecution was actually self-inflicted). Many of his readers would have been just drifting along. James goes on to say that, no matter the situation, we should be focusing our attention on God, and after this he writes: -

“Is any one of you sick? (a) He should call the elders of the church to pray over him and anoint him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer offered in faith will make the sick (b) person well; the Lord will raise him up. If he has sinned, he will be forgiven.”

There are two different words in the Greek, which are translated into the same English word, ‘sick’ in the above verse.

  1. a. 5:13 Sick: ‘Asthenei,’ meaning, ‘to be weak, to be feeble, to be without strength.’ Used in the comprehensive sense for the whole man. Can be used figuratively of the mind (Rom 8:3) and speaks of being feeble-minded, fainthearted and timid (2 Cor 11:21). It can speak of those who doubt, hesitate or whose minds are easily disturbed (Rom 14:2; 1 Cor 8:91= “Be careful, however, that the exercise of your freedom does not become a stumbling-block to the weak.” Note also Romans 8:3For what the law was powerless to do in that it was weakened by the sinful nature, God did by sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful man to be a sin offering And so he condemned sin in sinful man,” 2 Cor. 11:21 To my shame I admit that we were too weak for that! What anyone else dares to boast about—I am speaking as a fool—I also dare to boast about”. Romans 14:2 “One man’s faith allows him to eat everything, but another man, whose faith is weak, eats only vegetables”. Also used to speak of infirmity of body in Luke 4:40When the sun was setting, the people brought to Jesus all who had various kinds of sickness, and laying his hands on each one, he healed them.”

In Matthew 8:17, quoting Isaiah 53:4 Jesus took our infirmities (astheneias) in His manhood on the cross, He took the consequences of our sin without sinning. Also, on the cross He took the consequences, not only of our sickness (that which deprives us of strength) but sickness – ‘nosos’ – itself, both being consequences of man’s disobedience to God (Gen 2:17).

  1. 5:15 Sick: ‘Kamnonta,’ meaning ‘ to be weary.’ Vine’s dictionary states that the primary meaning is ‘to be weary’ and the choice of this verb instead of the repetition of ‘asthenei’ (in the first part of the verse) is suggestive of the common accompaniment of sickness, ‘weariness of mind,’ which he says hinders all types of recovery.  The same word is used in Hebrews 12:3 where we read: “Consider him who endured such opposition from sinful men, so that you will not grow weary and lose heart.”

As has already been noted, there were a variety of reasons why some of those people to whom James writes were weak. They were not coping with pressure, possibly misled, and inactive due to all manner of confusion brought on by circumstances, and lack of understanding. However although outward circumstances can contribute to our problems, it does not excuse sin. In short, the ways of the world had eaten into their hearts and minds, and manifested itself in all areas of life, especially personal relationships. Judging by the tone of the early chapters of James, many believers were more like an ordinary group of people meting together (like a club for example) rather than like men and women called into a relationship with God through Christ. These people were not at peace. They were spiritually weak, and in need of help – so what could be done to help them?

James presents them with a picture that would speak to their Jewish minds. He tells them that the sick person should call the elders and be anointed with oil. Here we note that the word used for anoint is not used for the physical act of anointing in the sense of using oil as medicine, instead being used in a symbolical sense, rather like the following verse that speaks of anointing in the Septuagint:-

“Anoint them just as you anointed their fathers, so they may serve me as priests. Their anointing will be to a priesthood that will continue for all generations to come.” Exodus 40:15

Anointing speaks of being set apart to the Lord for a particular task, and at the same time being empowered by the Lord to complete that task. It brings with it, an increased awareness that only God can enable us to live out the life He has called us to live.

James states that the result of anointing with oil is that the sick person will be raised up; if he has sinned he will be forgiven.  Raised up = egenrei = ‘to collect ones faculties, to waken, move. Metaphorically used for sluggishness, lethargy: Romans 13:11 “And do this, understanding the present time. The hour has come for you to wake up from your slumber, because our salvation is nearer now than when we first believed.”

Forgiveness only comes through repentance and faith. Therefore we see that the whole passage must be tied up with being honest and open and willing to acknowledge one’s faults. In some cases confession of sin was necessary if people were going to experience the strengthening and healing that they needed. That is why James goes on to write:-

“Confess your sins to one another and pray for each other so that you may be healed.The prayer of a righteous man is powerful and effective.”

(note also: “He who conceals his sin does not prosper, but whoever confesses and renounces them finds mercy.” Prov 28:13).

Confess: ‘exomologenisteh,’ meaning, ‘to fully acknowledge, to profess, accept full responsibility.”  The picture contained in this word is that of forcefully spitting out what is wrong, and is used in the following way in Acts 19:18: “Many of those who believed now came and openly confessed their evil deeds.”

The prayer of a person who is open and honest, confessing his or her sins without blaming them on circumstances around them, is powerful and effective.

Healed: ‘Laomai.’ Thayer’s dictionary says: “The word healed is Iaomai meaning ‘to make whole,’ ‘to free from error and sin.’ Strong’s dictionary speaks of the word as meaning ‘being made whole,’ as does Vine’s dictionary. Iaomai is clearly used in the gospels and letters to speak of physical healing, demonic deliverance, and also freeing from error and sin. In order to see the correct application of meaning we need only look to the context. The mention of confession, sin, and raising up, suggests that the primary thrust of James 5:13-18 is putting one’s life right before the Lord. This is why James tells his readers to go to the elders of the church (whilst 1 Cor 12:9-10 indicates that healing can come through anyone). Another passage of scripture also points to this being the right conclusion: -

“Therefore strengthen your feeble arms and weak knees. “Make level paths for your feet,” so that the lame may not be disabled, but rather healed.” Hebrews 12:12

In the above verse the word for ‘healed’ is again ‘Iaomai’ speaking of being free from error, making whole, bringing to salvation. Those to whom Paul writes were not functioning properly – hence ‘feeble arms,’ ‘weak knees’ and the need for solid even ground (level paths). Note also I Corinthians 11:29-30.

Going back to James chapter five we continue to build the picture. James writes: -  “Elijah was a man just like us. He prayed earnestly that it would not rain, and it did   not rain on the land for three and a half years. Again he prayed, and the heavens   gave rain and the earth produced its crops.” (v 17-18)

Elijah was a man of action whose life was lived in a time of national crisis and great difficulty. Baalism, under the influence of Ahab and Jezebel, had a stranglehold on the nation, many of whom worshipped false Gods. Yet James does not highlight Elijah’s vigorous opposition to Baalism, or the confrontation at Carmel. Instead he reveals Elijah as an intercessor, and as we build up our picture we clearly see why James uses Elijah as an example.

Elijah based all that he said and did on God’s word (which does not mean that he did not struggle at times!). Because of his knowledge of God’s word and his trust/openness to the Lord, Elijah was able to tell Ahab that it was not going to rain in Israel. Elijah knew and lived God’s word, and had previously said that drought would be one of the signs of judgement if Israel turned from God, he drawing upon his understanding of Deuteronomic teaching: -

“Be careful or you will be enticed to turn away and worship other gods and bow down to them. Then the LORD’s anger will burn against you, and he will shut the heavens so that it will not rain and the ground will yield no produce, and you will soon perish from the good land the LORD is giving you.”

Deuteronomy 11:16-17

In Luke’s gospel we read of Jesus saying:

“I assure you that there were many widows in Israel in Elijah’s time, when the sky was shut for three and a half years and there was a severe famine throughout the land.” Luke 4:25

In the Old Testament the removal of rain is viewed as the punishment of God on a disobedient people, Elijah confronted the false prophets of Baal, and in God’s strength beat them at their own game. He then had them put to death (1 Kings 18:40ff). Evil was removed from Israel, and the people turned to God. It was then that Elijah prayed, and the blessing of rain returned to the land.

The mention of Elijah and rain would not be lost on James’ readers. They were weak and indecisive, with meetings that portrayed a club-like mentality more than called out people living in, and bringing glory to the Lord. They needed to put themselves right with God. They needed to deal with the sin in their lives. Elijah knew what God’s word said, and rooted himself in God’s ways. They could do the same. The only thing that could prevent them from growing in the ways of the Lord was their own sin, a lack of understanding concerning God, and a forgetting of what little they knew. In short they ended up making God in their image, this being seen from their inability to portray much more than the sinful ways of man in many of their gatherings. These people could blame their problems on everything around them, but the heart of the issues was their own sin, and the sin of their community. Yet through God’s grace and mercy we see James leaving his readers with hope. A commitment to God’s ways through repentance and faith would restore them to blessing.

“Commit your way to the LORD; trust in him and he will do this: He will make your righteousness shine like the dawn, the justice of your cause like the noonday sun. be still before the LORD and wait patiently for him; do not fret when men succeed in their ways, when they carry out their wicked schemes.” Psalm 37:5-7

From this short paper we see that the main thrust of James 5:13-18 is spiritual wholeness. When men and women confess their sin and seek to move on in the Lord, by His power in righteousness of thought and deed there is always strengthening of mind and body by the Lord. We cannot always guarantee physical healing (and yet physical healing cannot be completely excluded from this passage either), yet the man or woman who repents of his or her sin is guaranteed to find forgiveness/wholeness through Christ  – the healing of the mind and the healing of relationships. Although we must not completely rule out physical healing, the main thrust of this passage is spiritual wholeness, and this is a certainty to the one who repents, because of the work of Christ. Other scriptures, and the whole thrust of Christ’s teaching, reveal that physical healing is still present for the church today, although we are in the now, but not yet of kingdom living. Other comments can be found in the course “Gifts of the Spirit.”

In overall conclusion I would suggest that one of the corporate ways we apply this teaching to our lives could well be around the communion table. This is our act of worship, remembrance and proclamation concerning the love or God. Prof Beale in his commentary on Revelation says. “In the Eucharist believers experience in the present repeated anticipations of the judicial and salvific effects of Christ’s final coming.”

“Land that drinks in the rain often falling on it and that produces a crop useful to those form who it is farmed receives the blessing of God.” Hebrews 6:7

“As the rain and the snow come down from heaven, and do not return to it without watering the earth and making it bud and flourish, so that it yields seed for the sower and bread for the eater, so is my word that goes out from my mouth: it will not return to me empty, but will accomplish what I desire and achieve the purpose for which I sent it.” Isaiah 55:10-11

“It is for freedom that Christ has set us free. Stand firm, then, and do not let yourselves be burdened by a yoke of slavery.” Galatians 5:1

Many people rightly state that the church (called out ones) is the place where people come to worship the Lord. Let us remember that true worship speaks of the right attitude to God in all areas of life. This will be, in part, evidenced in how we treat one another. Let us also remember that one of the purposes of the church is to be reminded of our heavenly existence in Him, seen in the way the Spirit works within and around us as we come together. This will be evidenced in signs and wonders and the changing of the character of each individual as we grow in Him (Rom 12:1-2).

“Put on the new self, created to be like God in true righteousness and holiness.”

Ephesians 4:24

Every blessing to you all.

Related Posts